Wallet UX has evolved from 12‑word seeds to MPC, AA‑wallets, and passkeys. Let’s map the landscape.

1. Seed Phrases (Legacy)

Pros: battle‑tested, offline storage
Cons: human error, phishing, single point of failure

2. Multi‑Party Computation (MPC)

  • Private key shards split across devices/servers.
  • Players: Fireblocks, Coinbase Wallet MPC.

3. Account Abstraction (AA, ERC‑4337)

  • Smart wallets (e.g., Safe, Soul Wallet) enable social recovery, gas sponsorship, and batched transactions.
  • Bundlers relay TXs; users pay fees in any ERC‑20.

4. Passkeys & Biometrics

  • FIDO2 passkeys stored in secure enclaves (iOS/Android).
  • Eliminates phishing of seeds yet hinges on device integrity.

5. Best‑Practice Checklist (2025 Edition)

  • Enable 2‑of‑3 social recovery guardians.
  • Whitelist withdrawal addresses.
  • Use mitm‑resistant browsers (Brave, Arc) for signing.
  • Keep a “dead man’s switch” plan for heirs.

Final Thought

Security is a sliding scale between sovereignty and convenience. Choose the model that fits your threat profile—and update it yearly.